Actualités
27 septembre 2011
19 avril 2011
comparison of resorbable soft tissue fillers
Comparison oF Resorbable Soft Tissue Fillers
- ; MD
+Author Affiliations
- Cabinet Médical 36 rue de penthièvre, 75008, Paris, France
- The author is a plastic surgeon in private practice in Paris, France.
- Reprint requests: Catherine Bergeret-Galley, MD, Cabinet Médical , 36 rue de Penthièvre, 75008, Paris, France
Abstract
Soft tissue fillers for wrinkle treatment and facial reshaping offer numerous advantages for both doctors and patients. They are extremely well tolerated and efficacious and can produce long-lasting improvement with regular use. In this article a detailed, thorough review of the resorbable injectable filler implants available on the international market isoffered and the most suitable for various treatment areas are identified. The chemical nature, formulation, indications, recommendations for technique, and possible side effectsof each family of fillers are described.
The ideal injectable material for filling wrinkles and restoring volume to the face should not only offer aesthetic, reproducible, and long-lasting results but should also be safe, with minimal complications and risk of migration. It should also be easy to use and reasonably priced.
In recent years, a variety of injectable fillers has appeared on the international market, including both synthetic products and those derived from natural substances or extracted from animal or human cells. I have drawn up a list of the available resorbable filler products, particularly those most frequently used, and have studied their chemical natures, formulations, methods of injection or implantation, most common indications, and possible side effects.
The different families of resorbable filling materials are:
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Collagen-containing fillers, comprising substances containing collagen obtained from human or animal cells;
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Autologous fat;
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Fillers containing hyaluronic acid, either of animal origin or biosynthetic; and
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Products containing polylactic acid.
Products of mixed composition that contain both resorbable and nonresorbablecomponents were excluded from this study.
Human collagen
A number of firms market human collagen, either in the form of autologous collagen obtained from the donor or isogenic collagen obtained from a donor or even cadavers. These products have a very limited distribution in Europe but are used more widely in the United States.
Autogenic human collagen
The use of autogenic human collagen eliminates any risk of virus or prion transmission. However, the preparation time for the product is relatively long and requires a prior surgical procedure for sampling of the material, which is reinjected after treatment by a competent laboratory.
Autologen
Introduced at the end of the 1980s, Autologen (Collagenesis, Inc., Beverly, MA) was the first autologous injectable agent on the market. Autologen is a dispersion of intact collagen fibers and a matrix of collagen tissue obtained from the clean skin of the patient during a plastic surgery procedure (mammaplasty, abdominoplasty, face lift, blepharoplasty). A skin biopsy is inadequate. Because the injected material is autologous and no allergic reactions were reported in a sufficient number of patients, the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) does not consider it necessary to perform a test before Augologen injection.
The skin excision, placed in a sterile container, is sent to the manufacturer's laboratory for treatment. As a general rule, 10 to 13 cm2 of excised skin is requred to produce 1 mLof Autologen 5%.
The dermis is sprayed into a sterile buffer to form a dispersion of intact collagen fibers. The dispersed collagen fibers are washed in a sterile phosphate buffer and concentrated by means of centrifugation. The substance obtained is packaged in sterile 1-mL Luer-Lok syringes and labeled with a unique identification code for the donor-recipient. Preparationof Autologen by the laboratory takes 3 to 4 weeks; the practitioner may then store the finished product in a refrigerator for as long as 6 months.
Autologen is injected into the middle dermis with a 30-gauge needle. Because the injection is painful and the preparation does not contain an anesthetic, anesthesia (EMLA, AstaZeneca Pharmaceuticals, Wilmington, DE; or lidocaine injection) of the treatment area is recommended. It is also recommended that the syringe be taken out ofthe refrigerator approximately 1 hour before the injection. At least 3 injections, a few weeks apart, are needed to obtain a satisfactory result, provided that each treatment is overcorrected by 30%.1
A comparative trial between Zyplast (Inamed, Santa Barbara, CA) and Autologen has shown no significant difference between these fillers with respect to clinical persistence 12 weeks after injection. Unfortunately, the trial was not continued beyond 12 weeks.2
A trial in 25 patients demonstrated that 1 injection produced correction of 50% to 75% for as long as 3 months or 50% at 6 months, that 2 injections produced correction of 75% after 6 months, and that 3 injections produced correction of more than 75% at 12 months.3 Fagien1 described results 6 months after treatment of deep glabellar wrinkles with Autologen (4 sessions, 1.5 mL of Autologen in total). This author also noted good results 6 months after injection of 4.0 mL of Autologen (3 sessions) in the treatment ofdeep nasolabial folds.
The duration of treatment depends on the region treated, the injection technique, and the volume of Autologen administered. No significant side effects have been reported. It must be noted, however, that moderately severe erythema may last for 48 hours after the injection.3, 4 Preparation of the autologous collagen from a patient-tissue sample is expensive5 ($995/sample), and yield varies, depending on the individual and the anatomic areas from which collagen is harvested.
Isolagen
Since 1998, autologous fibroblast cultures have been used to correct wrinkles, scars, and other skin defects. Boss et al6 described a method of injecting autologous fibroblasts obtained from a 3-mm skin excision from the retroauricular area, an area protected from UV light. The sample is immediately placed in a culture medium provided by Isolagen Laboratories (Houston, TX) and must reach the laboratory by the day after sampling in an isothermic container. The fibroblasts and type I collagen are developed in a culture medium for 4 to 6 weeks. Six weeks after sampling, an injection test (0.1 mL) is administered to the patient in the forearm; any sign of an allergic reaction is recorded. Two weeks after the test, approximately 1 mL of the autologous material is available for implantation. Additional injections, 1 mL each, are available every 2 weeks until optimal correction is obtained.
Isolagen is a very fluid liquid that is injected into the superficial dermis with a 30-gauge needle. Overcorrection of 300% is recommended for suitable aesthetic results.5, 7 When the material is implanted, the carrier is absorbed and the overcorrection rapidly disappears. As a rule, 4 to 6 injection sessions are required.
The level of correction achieved depends on the defect, the patient's age, and the abilityof the patient's fibro-blasts to create collagen. Patients older than 60 years are not good candidates for this technique because their skin is no longer able to produce vigorous fibroblasts. Boss et al6 reported a study in which 92% of 94 patients were satisfied with the results 12 months after treatment. In another study, histologic sections taken 6 months after treatment (3 1-mL injections administered at 2- to 3-week intervals) demonstrated an improvement in the thickness and density of collagen.8
This technique has several disadvantages. The Isolagen preparation must be injected within 48 hours. It offers more effective correction of periorbital wrinkles or perioral wrinkles than of deep furrows.9 The improvement obtained is poor compared with that ofother techniques, such as bovine collagen implants or hyaluronic acid, and correction is not immediate. Fagien and Elson10 concluded that the results obtained with this technique were rather disappointing. In addition, Isolagen is expensive ($495/1 mL).
Isogenic human collagen
Alloderm and Cymetra
Alloderm (LifeCell, Branchburg, NJ) has been used in the treatment of burns and for transplantation in periodontal surgery. In aesthetic surgery, it is used to increase lip volume, to correct nasolabial folds, and to treat scars. Alloderm is an acellular dermal graft materal obtained from cadavers or from a tissue bank that provides an acellular matrix of dermal components, including collagen, elastin, and glycosaminoglycans. The cell components of the epidermis and dermis that induce an antigenic reaction and implant rejection are removed from the donor tissue.
The dermis skin is examined in accordance with FDA requirements and regulations relating to human tissue, which include blood tests on the donor for hepatitis B and C, human immunodeficiency viruses 1 and 2, syphilis, and human T-lymphotrophic virus type I. The donor's medical and social history must also be closely examined to identify risk factors for viral infection. In addition, the tissue-treatment process, which comprises 2 stages, is designed to prevent transmission of viral diseases. No cases of transmissible viral disease have been reported in patients who have received this treatment since its introduction in 1992.
Alloderm is offered in the form of sheets that are implanted through an incision in the treatment area. It must be reconstituted in a saline solution approximately 10 minutes before implantation. Implantation requires the use of a local anesthetic. Alloderm is used to increase lip volume, to correct nasolabial folds, and to treat scars.
Infection of the incised/sutured sites has been attributed to abscess formation around the suture rather than to the graft itself.5 Cases of labial herpes have also been reported; prophylactic antiviral therapy must be prescribed for patients with a history of labial herpes.
Alloderm has recently become available in a micronized injectable form, marketed under the name Cymetra (average particle size 123 μm). Cymetra is provided in the form of an aseptic powder reconstituted with lidocaine 0.5% with 1: 200 000 epinephrine immediately before injection. It is injected with a 26-gauge needle.11
A comparative study of treatment with Cymetra (19 patients) versus Zyplast (25 patients) for lip rejuvenation has shown that 1 week after injection, the clinical effects are more visible with Zyplast than with Cymetra. No significant difference was noted between the 2 substances at 3 and 6 months, but it appears that the results at 12 months are better (although more heterogeneous) with Cymetra than with Zyplast.11
Dermalogen
Dermalogen (Collagenesis Corp., Beverly, MA) is obtained from cadaver tissues that have been carefully selected to help eliminate the risks of viral and bacterial infection. Thetissues are then treated to (reportedly) guarantee safety in accordance with a procedure that includes 2 virus- and prion-inactivation stages, followed by sterilization in accordance with standard methods.
The injection technique for Dermalogen is the same one used for Autologen: injection into the middle dermis/deep dermis with a 30-gauge needle. Because the injection is painful, use of a local anesthetic is recommended.12
Clinical indications for the use of Dermalogen include correction of obvious nasolabial folds, perioral wrinkles, glabellar wrinkles, and depressed scars, as well as increasing lip volume. Overcorrection of 20% to 30% is recommended at each session. An average of 3 injection sessions is required for satisfactory correction.
Prolonged erythema and acneiform rashes were noted in 10% of patients in a study of130 patients.13 The manufacturer does not recommend a pretreatment allergy test, although 1 case of foreign-body reaction 4 weeks after a test injection of 1 mL ofDermalogen in the forearm has been described by Moody and Sengelmann.14 Klein15also reported several positive skin tests with Dermalogen and 1 case of secondary reaction characterized by redness, swelling, and hyperpigmentation of the treated sites after Dermaologen implantation.
A comparative study of Dermalogen and Zyplast was conducted by Sclafani et al.12Seventeen patients received 2 injections (0.5 mL of each product) into the periauricular region. No specific clinical differences between the 2 implants were found 12 weeks after implantation.
Facian
Fascian (Fascia Biosystems, Beverly Hills, CA) is a biomaterial extracted from the fascia lata muscles of human cadavers and treated in accordance with FDA standards to help eliminate the any risk of viral or bacterial contamination. The product is available in particles of different sizes (< 2mm, < 1mm, < 0.5 mm) and must be rehydrated with 3 mLof lidocaine 0.3% or a saline solution before injection. The implant is injected into the subdermis with a 16- to 22-gauge needle, depending on particle size. Clinical follow-up of6 to 9 months in 81 patients who received injections of particulate fascia lata demonstrated a satisfactory duration of results for 4 months.16 No local or systemic hypersensitivity reactions were reported in this study. Few other studies of this product have been conducted.
Section summary
Implantable materials containing autogenous or isogenous human collagen have a limited presence on the European market because preparation of the injectable solutions is relatively difficult, only a small number of long-term clinical trials of the substances have been performed, and the cost of these products is relatively high. By contrast, substances such as bovine collagen and hyaluronic acid are offered in ready-to-use syringes and offer both considerable safety and satisfactory efficacy.
Bovine collagen
American bovine collagen is currently the most widely used filler material. Three products, manufactured and distributed by Inamed, are available: Zyderm I, Zyderm II, and Zyplast.
Chemical nature of the molecule
Collagen is the most abundant protein in the human body and is one of the fundamental constituents of connective tissue, particularly of elastic fibers of the skin. A collagen molecule consists of a triple helix of large peptide chains (300 nm long). Each chain consists mostly of glycine (1 of 3 amino acids), lysine, and proline. It does not contain tryptophan. Zyderm and Zyplast consist of a suspension of bovine dermal collagen in physiologic saline solution containing lidocaine. After purification, this collagen is subjected to selective hydrolysis of the peptide ends of the molecule, the most antigenic fractions.
Although the immunogenicity of these products is high compared with that of otherfillers, it varies in different reports.17 The authors of various studies have reported that 1.3% to 5% of patients demonstrate reactions to the implants during the test or, subsequently, at the injection sites. These reactions may occur days or months after the injection, so it is essential to perform 1 or even 2 tests before starting injections. Zyderm and Zyplast must be stored in a constant cold chain between 2°C and 8°C.
Indications and injection techniques
Table 1 summarizes the indications for Zyderm I, Zyderm II, and Zyplast and lists the recommended injection technique for each. After intradermal injection, Zyderm and Zyplast implants mix with the skin's natural collagen and subsequently disappear over the following 3 to 12 months, depending on the nature of the product and individual patient factors.9
Collagen: characteristics and indications
Contraindications and tests
Contraindications and precautions for use for bovine collagen include:
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history of serious allergy and allergies to lidocaine (a component of Zyderm and Zyplast implants),
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autoimmune and inflammatory disorders,
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history of anaphylactic reactions, background of allergy,
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previous skin hypersensitivity reactions to collagen implants,
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immunosuppressant therapy,
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pregnancy or breastfeeding.
Detailed questioning of the patient, including personal and family medical history, is necessary to exclude patients with these contraindications before the patient's reaction to the material is tested. A double test is recommended because positive reactions to treatment have been reported in 0.3% to 1.5% of patients even after clinicial selection and initial testing.18 Pons-Guiraud19 recommends the following protocol, which can take up to 7 weeks to complete.
The first injection (0.1 mL) is given in the anterior aspect of the forearm, followed by a reading at 72 hours. A positive reaction is characterized by a change in the contour of the injected implant, erythema, edema, occasionally pruritus and, rarely, by an indurated papule or inflamed dermal nodule. All positive reactions contraindicate collagen injections. A second injection is given 15 days later, followed by readings 3 days and 4 weeks later.
Any positive reaction to the test or double test contraindicates the collagen injection. If there is any doubt, bovine (ACACB) and human (ACACH) anticollagen antibodies must be measured.
Duration of treatment
The clinical results I have obtained with Zyderm and Zyplast implants are consistent with findings published by other authors.20, 21 Zyderm I corrects fine lines quite well, particularly fine perioral and crow's-feet lines. One of the disadvantages of this product is the white color of the gel. If the implant is injected into very thin skin, it may be seen through the skin, resulting in a slight off-white coloration at the injection site. The results last approximately 3 months. Depending on the quality of the skin and the type ofcorrection, superior efficacy may be obtained over time. In the case of more obvious lines, a superficial multipuncture injection may be performed. Zyderm II, which is designed to correct average lines, offers an average duration of 3 to 6 months. It may also be used in patients with extremely thin, estrogen-deficient skin. This implant may be injected into the middle or deep dermis.
Zyplast is designed to correct deep wrinkles in thick skin and to restore facial volume (lips and outline of the face). It generally lasts 6 to 12 months.
As is the case with all resorbable implants, longevity of collagen implants depends largely on the quality of the patient's skin, the nature of the lesions being treated, and the patient's age. As a general rule, the younger the patient, the longer the interval between injection sessions. In older patients, the interval between injection sessions must be shorter to retain the benefits of treatment.
Side effects
Table 2 summarizes recent reports on the side effects of treatment. A study performed by Castrow and Krull,22 on behalf of 316 practitioners, covering approximately 7,000 patients who demonstrated negative test results revealed a side-effect rate at the injection site of1.5%. The reactions were mostly limited to the injection site: erythema, induration, itching, and pain. In general, these reactions lasted 4 to 6 months; in a few cases they lasted more than 1 year. Other reactions included arthralgia (6.5%) and local granulomas (5%, confirmed in 4 of 5 cases through biopsy). Abscesses were reported at a frequencyof 4 cases per 10,000 patients.23 These reactions develop, on average, 8 to 12 weeks after the injection, after 1 or more collagen injections. They are characterized by a nodule or papule at the injection site, severe swelling, erythema, and induration of the surrounding tissues. The abscess is different from the collagen hypersensitivity reaction, which is also characterized by induration and erythema but is not fluctuant. The punctured or evacuated pus is generally aseptic. The patients carry bovine anticollagen antibodies. These abscesses are considered the expression of a hypersensitivity reaction.
Side effects produced by collagen injections despite negative test-injection results
Cases of necrosis have been reported at a rate of 9 per 10,000.23 The local necrosis reaction after injection of collagen is not related to the implant itself but to obstruction ofa blood vessel or ischemic necrosis.
Bovine collagen remains the reference filling implant, although delayed hypersensitivity is common. However, some patients do not wish to receive a product of animal origin. They are increasingly choosing treatment with fillers consisting of hyaluronic acid ofnonanimal origin.
Autologous fat
Reinjection of autologous fat—the autologous biologic implant par excellence—is a useful technique that has many applications in plastic surgery. Illouz,24–29 followed by Fournier,30 was the first surgeon to use autologous fat extensively as a filler. More recently, Coleman31 developed a technique of short centrifugation that facilitated both implantation of the product (obtaining a true spaghetti of fat to be reinjected) and appeared to increase the implant's longevity by reducing the presence of impurities and the risk of cystic steatonecrosis of the injected fat.
For perfect asepsis, the fat must be removed under locoregional or even general anesthesia in the operating theater. It is then centrifuged and purified to extract the plasma and destroy adipocytes and hemoglobin generated by the microtrauma ofsampling. The purified fat can then be reinjected.
This technique is commonly used in the context of facial liposhaping and can be used to add volume to thin faces when patients have areas from which to extract fat. It may or may not be associated with other surgical rejuvenation procedures such as cervico-face lift followed by augmentation of the cheeks, the cheek-palpebral furrow, the nasolabial furrows, and, possibly, reshaping of the lips. One disadvantage of the procedure is that postoperative side effects of severe edema and bruising prevent patients from returning immediately to their social lives.
Resorption of the reinjected fat is extremely variable. If too much fat is injected, considerable edema and inflammation at the injection site can occur because the technique is relatively traumatic. This in turn results in severe destruction part of the reinjected fat by classical inflammatory mechanisms, including phagocytosis by macrophages, in the first posttreatment weeks. Excess reimplantation also tends to promote local devascularization, which may lead to the development of small clusters ofcystic steatonecrosis.
Optimal technique requires the use of an appropriate volume of filler for augmentation, including moderate overcorrection, followed by a reinjection session 1 year later.
With this protocol, average persistence of 50% of the reinjected product is obtained after 2 years (range 30%–70%). This level of persistance was earlier reported in Illouz' studies. The technique is useful but requires surgical conditions of asepsis, miminal anesthesia, and a patient with an available fat mass. It is not indicated for very thin patients.
Hyaluronic acid
Hyaluronic acid is a ubiquitous molecule present in all connective tissue, the dermis, joints, interstitial membranes, and the vitreous body of the eye. Chemically, hyaluronic acid is a long-chain polysaccharide of high molecular weight formed from repeated disaccharide units of glucuronic acid and N-acetyl glucosamine (Figure). The main biologic function of hyaluronic acid in the extracellular matrix is stabilization ofextracellular structures and formation of the matrix fluid in which collagen and elastic fibers are intermixed. The polyanionic hyaluronic matrix is highly permeable and regulates transport of solutions in the extracellular space, acting as a charged molecular trap for metabolites of different sizes and charges. Hyaluronic acid also plays an important role in regulating the movement and function of cells and in developing and remodeling tissues. The biologic functions of hyaluronic acid are related to its physical and rheologic characteristics of elasticity and viscosity.
Chemical structure of hyaluronic acid.
Because of its viscoelastic properties, stabilizing role, and protective action on cell membranes, hyaluraonic acid represents an ideal material with which to fill skin depressions (Table 3). However, it degrades quickly (within days) in skin tissues. Three mechanisms contribute to its degradation32, 33: free radicals; hyaluronidases, specific enzymes; and temperature. For its in situ life to be extended, hyaluronic acid must be crosslinked with multifunctional agents. Crosslinking involves the binding molecules ofhyaluronic acid to each other by chemical bridges at the anchorage sites of the molecule to yield a single molecule. This chemical modification changes the physical and rheological characteristics of the hyaluronic acid but does not reduce its biocompatibility.34, 35 Crosslinked hyaluronic acid remains bioresorbable, although it is resorbed more slowly because the crosslinked material is rendered more resistant to heat and enzymatic degradation than unmodified hyaluronic acid and the enzymes cannot enter the network as easily. In addition, because the molecules are linked there is no possibility for migration.
Hyaluronic acid fillers available on the European market for the filling of skin depressions∗
Products, uses, and associated injection techniques
Products consisting of noncrosslinked hyaluronic acid such as AcHyal (Meiji Seika Keisha Ltd., Japan), Hyaluderm (LCA, La Rochelle, France), and Ial-System and Hyal-System (Fidia SpA, Abano Terme, Italy) are all indicated for use in aesthetic practice. However, they are not designed to fill skin depressions or wrinkles because their longevity is generally less than 3 months; they can be used only for skin rehydration or facial revitalization. Consequently, they will not be discussed further here.
In the European Union, implants for filling wrinkles consisting of hyaluronic acid are classified as medical devices. As such, they must meet the requirements of directive 93/42/CEE relating to medical devices. These products are approved for use in Canada. In the United States, Restylane was recently approved by the FDA, and an FDA panel has recommended approval of Hylaform. The implants available on the European market — ofanimal origin (extracted from the coxcomb) or nonanimal origin (obtained through biotechnology) are listed in Table 4.
Indications for use of the major hyaluronic acid fillers
So that they may offer the most appropriate implants for different types of wrinkles and skin, manufacturers generally offer several products that differ with respect to viscosity and concentration or particle size (Table 5). Juvéderm (Leaderm, Paris, France) is available in hyaluronic acid concentrations of 24 mg/g (Juvéderm 18) or 24 mg/g (Juvéderm 24, 24HV, and 30). Products in the Restylane/Perlane range (Q-Med, Uppsala, Sweden) have a concentration of 20 mg/g. Perlane has approximately 10,000 particles ofgel per milliliter, Restylane 100,000, and Restylane Fine Lines 200,000. The products in the Hylaform range (Hylaform, Hylaform Plus, and Hylaform Fine Lines; Genyme, distributed by Inamed) all have a hyaluronic acid concentration of 5.5 mg/g and differ only with respect to the mechanical properties of the gel. The contraindications for hyaluronic acid products are similar to those for collagen. Hylaform is contraindicated in patients who are allergic to products of bird origin. Unlike collagen, these products are stored at ambient temperature.
Characteristics of fillers containing hyaluronic acid
Duration of results
The authors of a double-blind, randomized multicenter trial involving 138 patients compared the efficacy and tolerability of hyaluronic acid (Restylane) and bovine collagen (Zyplast) in the treatment of nasolabial folds.36 These authors found that for an optimal cosmetic result, a lower implant volume was required for hyaluronic acid than for bovine collagen. The findings also demonstrated that the frequency, severity, and duration ofreactions at the injection site were similar for the two products. On the other hand, the efficacy of hyaluronic acid was superior at 6 months.
In another multicenter trial, this one involving 348 patients, the aesthetic results and tolerability of Restylane in the treatment of wrinkles (glabellar region, nasolabial foldss, oral commissures, upper lip, lower lip, and vermilion border) and acne scarring was assessed.37 Each patient received an average of 1.68 mL per implant. In some cases, a touch-up session was performed 20 days after the initial session. This trial demonstrated that the level of correction fell by 20% between 3 and 6 months and by another 20% from 6 to 10 months. Patients therefore experienced good correction (60 to 70%) at 3 months, slight correction (40 to 50%) at 6 months, and poor correction (10 to 30%) at 10 months.
Piacquadio et al38 conducted a 1-year trial in 177 patients to assess the tolerability and efficacy of Hylaform in filling wrinkles and treating scars. Depending on the practitioner, correction levels of more than 33% compared with the initial stage were obtained in 78%of patients at 3 months, 44% of patients at 6 months, and 8% of patients at 12 months. The satisfaction rate among patients was similar to that among practitioners.
Using implants from the Juvéderm range, Zbili39 obtained a satisfaction rate of 85% at 12 months. He offered his patients with mild to moderate wrinkles a maintenance session every 6 to 9 months after the first 2 sessions, which were performed 1 month apart. For patients with deep wrinkles, he proposed biannual follow-up sessions 30-day intervals after the initial 3 sessions. Using this protocol, Zbili obtained a satisfaction rate of 60% at 12 months.
A retrospective clinical trial of Juvéderm 30, including qualitative and quantitative evaluation by the practitioner and patients, was conducted in 49 patients over the courseof 12 months.40 Seventy percent of patients received 2 injections, 1 to 2 months apart, ofJuvéderm 30; the average amount injected at each session was 0.6 mL. The correction estimated by the practitioner to be better than 50% more than 6 months after the first injection in 45% of patients and better than 50% more than 9 months after the first injection in 20% of patients. Thirty-nine percent of patients were satisfied with the result 8 to 11 months after the first injection.
My experience with hyaluronic acid is similar. Using the most fluid implants designed to correct fine lines, such as Juvéderm 18 and Restylane Fine Lines, I see effective results between 3 and 6 months. The same effective period is obtained with the use of superficial multipuncture injections of these products.
In the case of intermediary (e.g., glabellar, cheek, or perioral) wrinkles, the efficacy of an implant such as Juvéderm 24 or Restylane ranges from 6 to 9 months. For the most noticeable wrinkles, such as nasolabial folds and oral commissures, Juvéderm 30 offers a filling effect that lasts for 12 to 15 months. Perlane appears to be a better volume expander in the immediate postoperative period, although it is thicker and more difficult to inject. It appears to have a considerably shorter duration
To fill moderate wrinkles in patients with thin skin and to correct skin breaks, Juvéderm 24 Haute Viscosité (High Viscosity) offers efficacy lasting 12 to 15 months. It is very fluid, is particularly easy to handle, and offers high-quality filling.
Side effects
As is the case with all filling implants, side effects have been reported after injection ofhyaluronic acid (Table 6).
Side effects reported after injection of fillers containing hyaluronic acid
The authors of a study summarizing the side effects reported after injection of Restylane and Perlane reported a side-effect rate of 1.5% in 1999 (144,000 patients) and 0.6% in 2000 (262,000 patients), including 0.7% and 0.2% hypersensitivity reactions.41 The authors cited 2 causes for the decline in the side-effect rate after 1999. First, dating from the middle of 1999, the composition changed with the introduction of a protein trace content 6 times lower than that of the original formulation. Second, the strain of bacteria used to produce hyaluronic acid for Restylane was changed.
In the report of their clinical experiences with Juvéderm fillers, Zbili39 and Bès40 did not describe any lasting side effects, other than transient redness and edema occurring, as a rule, immediately after injection. In addition, after 2.5 years' use and more than 250,000 syringes of material implanted, the safety-monitoring data provided by the company show a total side-effect rate after injection of Juvéderm of less than 0.1 per 1,000 syringes. These side effects included discoloration (0.04%), edema and swelling (0.05%), 1 case ofinflammatory reaction (0.004%), and 1 case of induration (0.004%). The case ofinduration involved a patient in whom Juvéderm 30 had been used to fill skin depressions. The skin depressions came from in situ injections of corticosteroids prescribed for inflammatory nodules that developed after the injection of a nonresorbable filling implant. The case of an inflammatory reaction, which occurred immediately after the injection, resolved less than 7 days after prescription of oral corticosteroids and antihistamines.
The cases of discoloration of the injected area consisted of redness (40%), hyperpigmentation (40%), and bluish discoloration of part of the nasolabial folds that were treated (20%). In all cases, these reactions occurred immediately after the injection, resolved over a few weeks, and required application of a depigmentary cream in some cases of hyperpigmentation. The bluish discoloration represents traces of hemosiderin associated with vascular injury. This type of discoloration has already been described after the injection of Restylane.42 Before reinjecting an area with this type ofpigmentation, the practitioner must wait until the pigmentation has resolved; otherwise he or she runs the risk of perpetuating it. The cases of edema reported after injection ofJuvéderm all occurred rapidly after the injection. All resolved after a few days, either spontaneously or after oral corticosteroid treatment (64% of cases).
It is interesting to note that the protein concentrations measured in Juvéderm fillers are not the lowest among the published values, obtained with the use of different analytical protocols. The side-effect rate reported after implantation of Juvéderm is, however, less than 1 case per 10,000 syringes). This excellent tolerability is probably due to the choiceof bacterial strain and to the purification processes used throughout the manufacture ofthe Juvéderm implants.
Polylactic acid: Newfill
NewFill (Biopharmex, Luxembourg) is a synthetic implant consisting of a mixture ofpolylactic acid, carmellose, and mannitol (sugars) in the form of microbeads. It is a volume expander that has been used frequently for facial restructuring with a triple therapy.43
The product is presented in the form of a lyophilized powder. The practitioner must prepare the injectable solution by diluting the lyophilized powder in 2.5 mL of distilled water and 0.5 mL of 1% xylocaine. Use of xylocaine is recommended because the injection is quite painful. The manufacturer recommends that the solution be prepared at the time of use, but many practitioners say it is preferable to prepare it 12 hours before the injection through the use of mechanical shaking. Because of the microbeads, the product is injected with 26-gauge needles and requires injection of large volumes.
When used in orthopedic surgery, polylactic acid produces delayed hypersensitivity reactions, resulting in the development of foreign-body inflammatory granulomas.44, 45Similarly, in plastic surgery, many cases of granulomas have been reported after use ofNewFill, particularly after implantation in the lips.42, 46, 47 These granulomas may develop 6 to 12 months after injection.42 The granulomas are characterized by renitent nodules offibrosis SS, which are painful and often inflammatory. They result from the physicochemical configuration of the microbeads and crystallization of the sugars in the beads when they dehydrate. These granulomas are very difficult to treat34, 46 and require injection from the outset of a mixture of corticosteroids and 5-fluorouracil in closely spaced sessions, or even the use of hydroxychloroquinine hydrochloride (Plaquenil°) per os,42 after in situ injections have failed.
Conclusion
The different resorbable fillers reviewed here produce satisfactory results in terms ofefficacy, tolerability, and ease of handling. Their tolerability is good, although some are better tolerated than others. The most widely used implants remain Zyderm bovine collagen, Zyplast, and 3 brands of crosslinked hyaluronic acid: Hylaform, Juvéderm, and Restylane/Perlane. The use of NewFill is on the increase, but reports of its side effects are on the increase as well.
Successful use of resorbable fillers requires scrupulous injection technique to minimize trauma produced during the injection, thorough asepsis, careful patient selection, and avoidance of blatant contraindications. It is also essential to screen patients for contraindications that are not always apparent and that may have few clinical signs, such as Hashimoto's thyroiditis and autoimmune diseases. It is essential to adapt one's technique to the quality of the skin and to avoid performing injections in the presence ofacute disease, infection, or inflammation, even if only a viral infection is involved. Injection should be avoided during exacerbations of acne, herpes, or eczema.
It is desirable to establish injection protocols involving regular management, which maintains the patient's level of satisfaction and increases his or her commitment to the treatment. Finally, common sense dictates that multiple filler products not be used simultaneously in the patient's skin and that traceability labels be maintained in the patient's records to facilitate the identification of any side effect and its possible cause.Resorbable products offer greater safety than nonresorbable products because they produce fewer side effects and because the side effects they do produce are far easier to treat. As a result, their use is particularly advisable if the practitioner has any concerns about the quality of the patient's skin, possible estrogen deficiency, or problems associated with follow-up (eg, patients living abroad, those who seek little medical advice, and those who are noncompliant with postinjection recommendations).
The main limitation of resorbable injectable fillers is the necessity of repeated treatments, which is both expensive and timeconsuming. Despite this drawback, theresorbable products Zyderm/Zyplat/Juvéderm and Resylane/Perlane are the most widely sold implants in Europe and seem to meet patients' demands. They also encourage patient follow-up over time and provide good hydration for the skin, particularly the hyularonic acids.
To use any of these products, a physician requires appropriate training to help ensure optimal patient outcomes. Although some injectable fillers now coming onto the market are described as resorbable by their manufacturers, in reality their chemical nature is incompatible with resorption.
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This Article
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doi: 10.1016/j.asj.2004.01.006Aesthetic Surgery Journal January 2004 vol. 24 no. 1 33-46
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16 juillet 2010
29 juin 2010
Celles qui se font refaire le sexe - article de " ELLE" - juin 2010
La chirurgie du sexe selon le Dr. Catherine Bergeret-Galley :
" Pour cette chirurgie, il faut qu'elle soit faite avec une indication bien posée, à savoir une vulve abimée par les accouchements ou une anomalie des grandes et des petites lèvres apparue après l'adolescence et qui entraine une gène psychologique et le plus souvent la sensation d'avoir un sexe masculin" .
CELLES QUI SE FONT
REFAIRE LE SEXE
Obsédées par l'aspect esthétique des petites
lèvres de leur sexe, de plus en plus de
femmes se font opérer pour en réduire la
taille. Enquête sur un phénomène troublant.
« Quand je sors de la douche, je ne vois que ça. C'est vraiment moche. » « Je me scrute tout le temps dans la glace, ça m'obsède. » « Je n'ose plus me mettre en maillot de bain de peur que ça ne se voie. » Mais de quoi parlent-elles, ces femmes complexées ? De leur ventre ? De leurs fesses ? Non, d'une partie du corps qui a longtemps échappé aux critères de beauté parce que cachée, intime, incomparable : leur sexe. Et plus précisément - puisque nous parlons anatomie - de leurs petites lèvres : ces deux replis de chair entourant l'entrée vaginale comme un écrin et recouverts - ou non - par les grandes lèvres. C'est bien là leur problème : « Chez moi, ça dépasse », se désole Florence, 29 ans. Et d'expliquer : « Quand je suis debout, les petites lèvres dépassent des grandes. C'est affreux. Je voudrais qu'elles soient bien cachées, c'est plus joli. » Cette vision d'une « jolie » vulve est en passe de s'imposer comme une norme esthétique. Au point que de plus en plus de Françaises se font opérer pour « couper » ce qui dépasse et redessiner des lèvres délicates et symétriques. Combien sont-elles à franchir le pas ? Impossible de le savoir. Mais gynécologues et chirurgiens esthétiques attestent que la nymphoplastie de réduction (c'est le nom de cette intervention) est en pleine explosion. Et pas uniquement pour des raisons médicales. « Les patientes qui ont de petites lèvres hypertrophiées se plaignent d'une gêne lorsqu'elles portent des jeans serrés ou des dessous en dentelle, ou bien lorsqu'elles font du vélo ou de la moto, explique la gynécologue et chirurgienne de la vulve Sophie Berville-Levy. Cette gêne existe et peut provoquer des irritations. Mais il arrive qu'elle soit un alibi pour des femmes qui n'osent pas dire que leur motivation est esthétique. »
Selon l'une des rares études menées en France, en 2000, par le gynécologue Roman Rouzier de l'hôpital Tenon à Paris, la principale raison des patientes ayant eu recours cette année-là à la nymphoplastie de réduction était à 87 % que « ce n'est pas beau ». Puis seulement vient l'inconfort vestimentaire pour 64 % d'entre elles. Depuis, l'intervention chirurgicale a été médiatisée provoquant un effet boule de neige. De
nombreux chirurgiens dont ce n'est pas la spécialité se sont mis à la pratiquer parce que c'est une intervention légère, en ambu-latoire, avec un fort taux de satisfaction, quitte à accepter des demandes non justifiées. L'offre a créé la demande. Julia, 28 ans, cadre dans la finance, s'est fait opérer il y a quelques mois : « Je trouvais que c'était disgracieux. Je faisais un petit complexe là-dessus. J'y pensais sans arrêt. Même si j'étais la seule à le voir. J'ai essayé de surmonter ce complexe pendant cinq ans. Mais quand j'ai appris par mon gynéco que ça s'opérait, je n'ai pas hésité. » Audrey, 22 ans, et l'accent chantant du Sud, voulait, elle, « être parfaite jusqu'au bout des petites lèvres ». « Je m'épile intégralement et, debout, mes petites lèvres dépassaient un peu. Ce n'était pas flagrant, mais je voulais que ce soit net. » Son copain ne l'aurait pas remar-qué si elle n'en avait pas parlé. « Mais c'est vrai que, mainte-nant, c'est plus joli », témoigne-t-il. D'où vient cette fixette sur une partie du corps qui devrait échapper aux critères esthétiques puisqu'elle n'est pas visible ? L'épilation intégrale et la vidéo porno sont pointées du doigt par les médecins. L'épilation intégrale, parce qu'elle dévoile ce qui autrefois était mystérieusement caché derrière les poils. « Les petites lèvres peuvent paraître grandes, tout simplement parce qu'elles sont davantage visibles », explique la vulvologue Micheline Moyal-Barracco, présidente de l'ISSVD (International Society for thé Study of Vulvovaginal Disease). Quant au porno, il a imposé un stéréotype de la vulve : jeune, rosé, avec de petites lèvres ourlées et de grandes lèvres joufflues. Une image aussi peu représentative que les gros seins parfai-tement ronds, mais qui s'est répandue faute de concurrentes. « Contrairement aux hom-mes qui passent leur temps à comparer leur pénis... les femmes ne savent pas comment sont faites les autres femmes, analyse Sylvie Abraham, chirurgienne esthétique du sexe. Elles ne regardent pas entre les jambes de leur mère ou de leurs soeurs. » Ce manque de références se révèle particulièrement angoissant à la puberté. Les adolescentes voient leur sexe de petite fille changer, les petites lèvres s'allonger. Et elles n'y sont pas toujours préparées. « Vers 13-14 ans, j'ai découvert que mes petites lèvres dépassaient et que j'en avais une plus grande que l'autre, raconte Ludivine, 18 ans. J'ai pris peur. Je me demandais même si je n'avais pas une maladie. Je n'osais pas sortir avec un garçon. J'ai fini par en parler à ma mère. Elle m'a expliqué que c'est normal, que le sexe change quand on devient une femme. Mais je me suis quand même fait opérer pour rétablir la symétrie. » « Attendez d'avoir plus de 18 ans pour le faire, disent la plupart des chirurgiens. Mais surtout attendez de vivre une première relation sexuelle. Sinon on risque de créer un vrai blo-cage », explique Sylvie Abraham. Marie, 18 ans, a attendu et ne le regrette pas. « J'avais peur d'être difforme et d'être rejetée le jour où je rencontrerais un garçon, explique-t-elle. Aujourd'hui, je ne me pose plus de questions. J'ai réalisé que c'est une vraie opération, sous anesthésie générale, et que je ne suis pas une exception. Le plus grand revirement a été la rencontre de mon copain : il m'a rassurée, m'a appris à m'aimer telle que je suis.
Suis-je normale ? Le terme de « petites lèvres » lui-même induit cette interrogation : car si elles sont censées être « peti-tes », que penser de celles qui sont grandes ? « Je préférerais qu'on utilise le terme de "lèvres internes", reconnaît Miche-line Moyal-Barracco qui, alertée par le nombre de demandes de nymphoplastie, envisage de créer l'association Touche pas à mes lèvres. Il faut rassurer les femmes : il n'y a pas de nor-malité en la matière. Et, croyez-moi, j'en ai vu des vulves ! C'est vraiment l'affiche Benetton des années 90 : il y en a des minces, des allongées, des lisses, des fripées, des rosés, des pigmentées... Il y a autant de variétés que pour les autres par-ties du corps. De nombreuses femmes ont de très grandes petites lèvres et ne s'en rendent même pas compte. » En consultation, la chirurgienne Sophie Berville-Levy se veut très pédagogique. Elle montre des représentations artisti-ques du sexe féminin, histoire de rappeler que cette obsession est toute récente ; une mosaïque de vulves ; des photos avant opération de petites lèvres vraiment hypertrophiées... Elle explique que la vulve change au cours de la vie, que la peau perd de son élasticité, que, quand les grandes lèvres sont moins charnues, les petites émergent davantage. Et que cela n'a aucune influence sur le plaisir sexuel. « Je suis très vigi-lante. Je refuse d'opérer celles qui en font une obsession ou qui, grâce à ça, espèrent trouver l'homme de leur vie. » Celles qui sont passées sur le billard ont bien du mal à expliquer pourquoi elles se sont focalisées sur leur sexe, au point parfois de se mesurer au double décimètre. Un « syn-drome du vestiaire » à l'envers : ce sont les hommes qui, jusque-là, se mesuraient le sexe pour s'assurer de leur virilité. « II faut se réjouir que les femmes osent enfin regarder le leur. Elles se réapproprient un lieu de l'identité féminine longtemps ignoré, souligne la sexologue et psychothérapeute Mireille Dubois-Chevalier. Mais il y a quelque chose de vertigineux à regarder la vulve : elle ouvre sur l'abysse, sur le néant dont nous avons été tirées et auquel on retournera. Elle renvoie au mystère de la procréation, aux origines du monde. Certaines ont peut-être envie de regarder sans voir. » En supprimant cette peau « en trop » qu'elles comparent souvent à de « la viande », cherchent-elles à effacer ce qui rappelle le sang, les chairs à vif, l'enfantement ?
Ce complexe se cristallise d'ailleurs souvent autour de l'accouchement. Moment où le sexe, lieu de plaisir, se trans forme en lieu de souffrance, la femme en mère. Margot, 29 ans, maquilleuse dans la mode : « Quand j'étais ado, un copain m'a fait une réflexion du genre : "Dis donc, elles sont grosses tes lèvres." J'ai eu d'autres amants, mais ça m'a mar quée. Au point que je ne suis jamais allée me faire épiler chez une esthéticienne. J'avais honte. Quand je suis tombée enceinte, c'est devenu une obsession. Le père de mon fils me disait que cela ne le gênait pas. Il n'a jamais compris pourquoi je me suis fait opérer. » Elle assure se sentir plus libre dans sa sexualité, pouvoir s'abandonner vraiment. Mais n'aurait-elle pu y parvenir autrement ? « Celles qui envisagent l'opération devraient réfléchir à ce qui se cache derrière. Le refus de devenir une femme ? L'ambivalence envers le fait d'être mère ? La recherche de l'éternelle jeunesse ? L'envie de retrouver un sexe de petite fille ? C'est en effet rarement juste une question d'esthétique. »
ISABELLE DURIEZ
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